Confidence-building measures in the field of armaments are essential for mitigating security dilemmas between nations, avoiding the risks of arms races, and achieving strategic stability. These measures usually include two aspects: one is arrangements to enhance information sharing and increase transparency, allowing the other party to understand one’s armament status, thereby reducing suspicion and preventing military escalation;73 the other is to strengthen the predictability of armament development by transforming mutual agreements on arms control issues into soft norms or hard arms control treaties, thus avoiding strategic surprise attacks. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union enhanced the transparency and predictability of nuclear armament actions through information exchange, establishing hotlines, test notifications, observing major military activities, and signing arms control agreements to manage potential risks of nuclear arms races. For current arms control issues triggered by the militarization of Starlink, confidence-building measures face challenges of opacity and unpredictability.
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